Borges' Library

A blog that will interest almost no one...

Thomas Bernhard and Vienna

The Tower 玄武

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Thomas Bernhard and the City of Dreams

Thomas Bernhard and Wittgenstein Notes

Thomas Bernhard came into my life as I was walking across the grounds of a mental hospital in August. Located on top of a wooded hill (Ah, the Vienna Woods!), the Kirche am Steinhof is part of what is a sprawling psychiatric hospital--one of the largest in Europe. Completed in 1907, it is also the location of what is considered one of the most important Art Nouveau churches in the world. And it was here that a dear friend of mine went on a first date with a man with whom she fell madly in love many years ago. I thought it was an awfully unusual spot for a first date. But my friend assured me: it had been perfect--and more, that they were still going strong even now, decades later. I had never been on the grounds of a psychiatric hospital before. The guard inquired if we wanted to see the church: Kirche? We nodded, and he pointed up the hill. There were maybe a dozen old buildings, each set within its own grove of trees, dotting the extensive grounds. The church was visible through the shade trees lining the gravel path up the hill. It's golden dome--recently renovated-- was gleaming in the brilliant sunlight, and I could easily understand why the locals called it: limoniberg (the lemon hill). A cheerful place --but then later I found out it also had a terrible history. This happened during the Nazi years, when Steinhof Hospital became the staging point for the death camps. A heartbreaking history of hospital beds emptied of children and adults deemed "untreatable" because of their ethnicity or for any so-called anti-social tendencies; this was where the now disgraced Dr. Hans Asperger did some of his dirty work. I had no idea about this dark history as I walked along the tree-lined path that sunny August day. All I was thinking was what a perfect setting for a novel the place would make. And sure enough, I would later learn, it had been just that; for this picturesque and strange place was the backdrop for my favorite novel by Austrian writer Thomas Bernhard. Wittgenstein's Nephew (1982), is set over several months in 1967, when the hospital was comprised of two units: the pulmonary disease clinic and the sprawling psychiatric institution. 

Wittgenstein's Nephew bowled me over completely--and it led to several other novels by Bernhard: Old Masters, Old Masters Graphic Novel, Wittgenstein's Nephew, Yes, Correction, and Goethe Dies. It also led to Gita Honngeger incredible biography: Thomas Bernhard: The Making of an Austrian. This then led to a fantastic biography of the Wittgensteins by Evelyn Waugh's grandson, called the House of Wittgenstein; as well as Kandel's Age of Insight and Carl Schorske's classic, Fin-de-Siecle Vienna.

For me, the best part about this narrative journey was being able to be reacquainted to the life and work of Ludwig Wittgenstein. I had briefly studied Wittgenstein as part of my undergraduate degree in philosophy but I confess I had mainly forgotten him. So, the narrative totem pole ended with several books on Wittgenstein's philosophy, as well as philosophical connections to Heidegger. I am still finishing this tower up and need to catch up on my reviews! I also have a long post on Bernhard and Vienna. 

 

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Las Meninas Notes

360px-Las_Meninas _by_Diego_Velázquez _from_Prado_in_Google_Earth

Brooks sent this: Velázquez’s Las Meninas: A detail that decodes a masterpiece

Being Alone with Las Meninas at 3 Quarks Daily July 23, 2018

Part One of this Post is: A Novel to Cross a Desert With

 Don Quixote Diaries Michel Foucault

Also Eyes Swimming with Tears and A Novel to Cross a Desert With

Also recommended:

Laura Cummings: Vanishing Velasquez (I have read it four times!!)

Everything is Happening: Journey into a Painting, by Michael Jacobs

Jonathan Brown: In the Shadow of Velasquez

Another moving book about a picture: The Angel on the Left Bank: The Secrets of Delacroix’s Parisian Masterpiece

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Below: Provoking the spectator. “Las Meninas” by Joel Peter Witkin

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el Escorial

IMG_3865With the possible exception of the dazzlingly perverse Borgia popes and the women who surrounded them, I am not sure any family in history has quite the dark and dastardly reputation as the Spanish Habsburgs.

I have written at length about my own attachment to the dark legend of Queen Isabella.

Even after reading--and really appreciating-- the fair portrayal of Queen Isabella in Giles Tremblett's Isabella of Castille, I must be honest and confess that I am stubbornly sticking to my image of her as the psychopathic religious fanatic and power hungry queen that I have long imagined her to be-- as portrayed so memorably by Salman Rushdie in his wonderful short story that appeared in the New Yorker way back in 1991, called Christopher Columbus and Queen Isabella of Spain Consummate Their Relationship, Santa Fe, January, 1492. ( Download The-New-Yorker-Jun-17-1991) 

Rushdie is such a genius. In just a few short pages, he somehow evokes the most unforgettable picture of Columbus and Isabella; for this so perfectly captures just how I have always imagined them:

 ….he bowed over her olive hand and, with his lips a breath away from the great ring of her power, murmured a single, dangerous word. 'Consummation.' — These unspeakable foreigners! The nerve! 'Consummation', indeed! And then following in her footsteps, month after month, as if he stood a chance. His coarse epistles, his tuneless serenades beneath her casement windows, obliging her to have them closed, shutting out the cooling breeze….”

And so she plays with him! At luncheons she promises him everything he wants and cuts him dead later in the afternoon, looking through him as if he were a veil.”

 He wonders if she is tormenting him for fun alone…!

 Isabel la Católica~~ 

Love her or hate her (she is my own personal arch enemy), her religious fanaticism takes center stage in most books about her. Our British tour guide in Seville referred to Isabella and Ferdinand as "the psychopaths"~~ for indeed, everyone knew who he was referring to. 

 Her daughters don't fare much better either... In The Noble, Tragic Lives of Katherine of Aragon and Juana, Queen of Castile, author Julia Fox very courageously sets the record straight on these two much-maligned women. Just leaving aside Catherine for now and looking at Juana... Juana, is the stuff of dark Spanish legend. So passionately in love was she with her husband (otherwise known as Philip the Gorgeous from Burgundy), she went stark raving mad after his death. The story goes that she, despite being pregnant, insisted on traveling with the corpse of her dead husband from Burgos to Granada (they never made it that far), where she had wanted to have him buried. It is said that she would not allow any women near the body, so jealous was she in his death as much as in his life and that she opened the coffin on several occasions to kiss his hands and feet-- and lips. Julia Fox does a wonderful job poking holes in the legend and explaining that it was probably her father who was the "mad" one and by locking her up in a nunnery was able to take the rulership of Castille for himself. 

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Henry Kamen, in his wonderful book on the Escorial, has perhaps the hardest legend of all to right: that of Philip II and the building of the Escorial. Probably no one quite captures the black legend on Philip II as Carlos Fuentes does in in 1975 novel, Terra Nostra. This is from a Kirkus review:

It is like a movie by Bunuel unreeling marvels, cruelties, compulsions--a Buneul, who had been given unlimited funds by some mad mogul. Fuentes' labyrinth starts in Paris in 1999, when the Seine is boiling, the Louvre has turned to crystal and the Eiffel Tower to sand. Flagellants parade the streets. On a bridge a man meets a woman with tattooed lips; he falls into the river; the story shifts back to Spain on the eve of the New World's discovery, it is a Spain of blood, torture, religious and sexual obsessions, ruled by El Senor, who hates life (God's greatest sin was the creation of man) and has immured himself in a necropolis. His mother consorts with the cadaver of her husband."

In the novel, Juana la Loca is Philip's mother, instead of his grandmother, but you recognize the consorting... and she is not the only necrophiliac as Philip II has long been portrayed as a cross between a religious fanatic and necrophiliac. In the novel, for example, we find him engaging in self- flagellation (wildly whipping himself as he prays prostrate on the cold marble floor of the basilica at el Escorial. They say he was unusual for a king in his avoidance of most pleasures and indeed, in the novel, he is depicted as entertaining some very strange religious ideas. 

The Black Legend

The Black Legend itself has its roots in the aftermath of the failed Armada but really more than anything it is a product of the Protestant Reformation, which as part of its cultural wake, saw Catholic countries (especially Spain) portrayed as extremely backward--with religious superstition and fanaticism holding the country back in ways not seen in more enlightened Protestant countries. And so we have the inbred Hapsburgs with their courts filled with incredible art (from Bosch to Valesquez) their many dwarfs; religious sects and the dreadful Spanish Inquisition. It was a world embodied by black-clad aristocrats, in women strictly hidden away in their palaces and Byzantine religious practiced that had a strong hold on everything. 

Philip II in particular was seen as monomaniacal in his building of the tremendously expensive Escorial. It didn't help that the monastery-palace itself was constructed on top of a hill in a rather remote and harsh location and built in an unadorned and cold-feeling classical style. It appeared harsh and authoritarian and was much loathed by Europeans of the time... And did I mention that this monastery-palace was also a pantheon? Philip had designed what later writers described as a necropolis-- a place of burial for the Spanish royals. 

EscorialPanteoThere must be other places like this somewhere in the world but for the life of me, I can't think of any. Basically, when the building was completed, bodies were taken out of their mausoleums and brought to el Escorial for their final interment. Royalty who died after the building's construction first had to be reduced to bones before being interred so fresh cadavers were first laid to rest in the “El Pudridero” (aka the rotting room). 

You can read all about it here (since pictures are not allowed inside, I didn't get any of my own). 

This project dominated Philip II's mature years as he spent enormous resources and energy in designing the huge complex and bringing artists from Italy over to adorn it. 

Much was made of this in other parts of Europe--especially in lands prone to discriminating against the Spanish in the first place. But in all fairness, the Spanish themselves did much to spread the memes about their dark and morbid king Philip II.

In the book, Kamen addresses every single trope. His book is less a history of the building of el Escorial as much as it is a revisionist history of the life of Philip II (with special attention to his latter years). It is really stimulating reading--especially if you have read a lot of Spanish history. Kamen pays close attention to art--from the many Titian portraits to the opera by Verdi (based on Friedrich Schiller’s  play about Philip and his son, the Don Carlo of the title):

I will sleep alone in my royal mantle
When my day has come to evening
I will sleep alone beneath the black
vault
There in the depths of the Escorial.

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Kamen's book is a dazzling tour through the life of Philip II. But as he tackles each different element in the myth surrounding Philip II, you will probably be left clinging to the Black Legend despite Kamen's best efforts since; well, where there is smoke there is fire. And the Expulsions did happen and women were very much hidden away and in some ways Spain was indeed as "backward" as people said until fairly modern times (If you look up how long the Spanish Inquisition was continued down to modern times, you might be surprised).

As Ingrid Rowland's fabulous review to the book states:

Kamen notes that the king attended “only” four autos-da-fé in person, and that none of them involved burnings at the stake. But surely it is incontrovertible that Spanish colonial rule, the Spanish Inquisition, and Spanish pressures on the Catholic church caused the world untold misery. The legacy of Philip II and the Escorial is as mixed and ambiguous as their eclectic heritage.

HIGHLY RECOMMEND THIS ONE! 

Ingrid Rowland: The Fortunate Journey in the New Republic

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Monsignor Quixote

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Monsignor Quixote has become my absolute favorite Graham Greene novel. I also LOVED the movie with Alec Guinness as Quixote and Leo McKern, of Rumpole fame, plays Sancho! Made in 1987--the film was absolutely brilliant! The back of the book has states this as, Greene's last religious novel, "A whimsical meditation on faith and doubt and the varieties of human folly." It is certainly that. The introduction suggesting that this book acts out the secret of Travels with my Aunt (currently reading for my bookclub); that is, that travel is the great catalyst for change. And that "a life that moves, moves..."

Travels with my Aunt is the only book that Greene declared he wrote totally and completely for fun. As such, the ideas are not explored in depth and there is a zany aspect about Travels—like an old-fashioned caper film. By the way, this was also made into a great movie with Maggie Smith. First, for anyone who wasn’t crazy about Travels, I will say that Monsignor is simply orders of magnitude better—both the book and the movie! But that said, Travels with my Aunt is great fun.

If some reviewers had trouble with the caper aspect of the novel or with the transformation of Henry, well, I would say that is the point. I recently sat in on a class with undergraduates reading the 400 year old novel, Don Quixote. The younger people did have trouble with the scrapes Quixote gets into and said it was unrealistic and suggesting he was evil or an anti-hero in some way. What would they think if they knew that some of the greatest philosophers and thinkers—from Dostoevky to Kierkegaard and Unamuno considered him to be a Christ character? Quixote resists the status quo and the evils we forget are there and he sets out to “right wrongs.” Travels and Monsignor do no such thing but the borrowing from Cervantes is quite clear. Greene hated mundane domestic life. This is quite clear and for Greene mortgages, marriage, kids and the bourgeois life not only held no appeal but he was quite repelled by it. And he is not the only one. What kind of life is really open to those who want to live in a different way?

Probably more than anything, what Greene best captured from DQ was the Kierkegaardian (and Unamuno's Imitation of our Lord Don Quixote) aspect of Cervantes' novel. Kierkegaard's knight of faith's faith is founded on doubt. A knight of faith, according to Kierkegaard, dares to have faith and in this way, in his rejection of ordinary life (and the rules of ordinary life, to borrow professor's phrase), he appears mad or a fool. Folly as a crossroads between two kinds of reality? Relativity?

“Perhaps we are all fictions, father, in the mind of God.”
― Graham Greene, Monsignor Quixote

Graham Greene, like Chesterton and Waugh, was a famous convert to Roman Catholicism. And as such, they are keenly aware of the way doubt functions in faith. To paraphrase Greene: one can emphasize doubt or faith, but most people have both. And watching the film, I was reminded a lot of Emanuel Carrere's fascinating meditation on this subject of faith and doubt, The Kingdom. It was my favorite book of 2017.

Anyway, for whatever reasons some of my favorite novels have been written by converts, and this must include Carrere. I am not sure why this is but I have my suspicions, since conversion can be a form of rejection. It certainly was for Greene and Waugh and Chesterton. Deborah Baker has a wonderful book that I highly recommend about convert to Islam Maryam Jameelah called, Baker, Deborah (2011). The Convert, A Tale of Exile and Extremism.

The ending, when Monsignor celebrates mass without any vessel or host was incredibly moving and reminded me so much of Babette's feast. One of my favorite stories and films of all time... to be transformed by joy and love! And both films, coincidentally, were made in the same year...

 

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El Cid and Ein Karem (Week 7)

AlegraOn the outskirts of Jerusalem (also known to some as the center of the world), there is a magical hotel where all the rooms are named after famous lovers. Like paradise, there a wonderfully fragrant garden with comfortable chairs for reading and napping; and if you climb up the stairs to the roof, the views stretch all the way across the valley to the golden onion domes of Gorny Convent, gleaming against a background of pine and cypress trees. And there, every night at precisely at 8pm, the guests find their way back inside the building. Made of cool Jerusalem stone, the walls are adorned with brightly-colored contemporary art. Entering the dining room, the guests all sit down to dinner together.

Ah, hotel Alegra. 

I had requested the Dante and Beatrice room--but was informed that that would cost more!!! So, we settled into el Cid and Jimena. Despite my definite preference for Dante and Beatrice, our room was absolutely unforgettable. And ever since, I've found myself quite interested in el Cid and his lady. Of course, if you watch the famous movie--and you should-- you would be made to think that el Cid was a great fighter of moors; an early hero of the reconquista in Spain. But that is simply not the case.

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Still reading everything I can get my hands on about Spain and al-Andalus, I just finished reading, The Arts of Intimacy: Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Making of Castilian Culture, by Jerrilynn D. Dodds, María Rosa Menocal, Abigail Krasner Balbale. I am a big fan of  María Rosa Menocal's work; and while this book is not as beautifully written as her others (writing is a bit dull), it is filled with the most gorgeous photographs of cathedrals and mosques and contains many wonderful poems. A celebration of al-Andalus in stories and pictures, the book has a jewel-like quality! And the way the authors re-tell the el Cid legend is just what the doctor ordered for clearing up all the misconceptions about this famous hero. For el Cid fought for whoever was paying. He fought for the Muslim emirs of al-Andalus but he also fought for the Christian kings of future Castille. I wouldn't say he was out for money alone, but he certainly was not moved by religion or ideology, as much as for land and friendship. His nickname itself is from Arabic. 

Alegra-boutique-hotelBefore Isabella and Ferdinand, religion and language was much more porous for people in Spain. One of the first times Cervantes pulls the rug out from beneath his readers' feet was when he informs us that the manuscript of this true history of the Hidalgo Don Quxoite was written by a Moor named Cide Hamete Benengeli. As Professor Wey-Gomez explained, Benengeli, was nothing if not a "hybrid creature and product of the frontiers!" The "Arabic and Manchegan author" wrote in something we are told might be Arabic; for it then had to be translated by a morisco that the "narrator" happens to meet in the markets of Toledo (translation capital of the world at that time).

A translation!

A translation of a partially completed manuscript written in Arabic by a Moor. 

Cervantes himself lived captive as a slave kidnapped by Barbary pirates in a land ruled by the infamous Hayreddin Barbarossa. Barbarossa was a Greek-born Muslim convert who rose to rule over Algiers. The Ottoman empire is well-known for its incredible porosity. If a person converted and learned the language, they could rise to the very top. And this was so to a lesser extent in North Africa and in al-Andalus. People paid a tax and would be left to live how they saw fit. They could worship in churches and synagogues and were allowed to intermarry. Like in the Ottoman empire, Muslim-ruled Spain was surprisingly multi-cultural--and if one converted to Islam they could rise to the very top. 

Al-Andalus lasted for 700 years. If we can say anything, it is that the culture of Spain from 711- 1492 was much more open than what came before or after it. People did learn each other's languages and they converted to each other's religions. Cervantes book is filled with converts.

There has been some push-back against an overly idealized version of al-Andalus. But as Harold Bloom said in the introduction to María Rosa Menocal's other book, Ornament of the World, this is a necessary idealization; one from which we can learn a lot, I think.  

With that in mind that we have much to learn, I just finished another book about multi-cultural Islamic Spain, called A Vanished World, by Chris Lowney. Interesting on so many levels, the author was a one-time Jesuit seminarian who went on to work for JP Morgan as a managing director. He did the Compostela pilgrimage to raise money for Catholic charities and indeed is an active philanthropist. His treatment of the Saint James story was especially compelling, I thought (and as a pilgrim himself, he was very moving on the camino). As is well-known from the New Testament, Saint James was the first Christian martyr and died back in Jerusalem not all that long after Christ was crucified. So, how did he get to Spain? There is a myth that a shepherd was drawn by a field bathed in heavenly light (compostela means "field of stars") and discovers the tomb of the apostle James. Impossible and yet the pilgrims would come. For a story had been born that the body of Saint James, after martyrdom in Jerusalem, had been placed in a ship made of marble (!) and ended up in Spain, which was at the time considered to be the end of the world. (For Jesus told James: You shall be my witness to the end of the earth). 

The myth was forgotten but then resurrected when Charlemagne had a dream (like Constantine had a dream). Saint James appeared to him and instructed him to follow the milky way, where he would uncover-or deliver-- his grave. This legend would be more martial than the earlier story of the shepherd (whose story recalls the nativity); and would become the origin of the Saint James the Moor Slayer, screamed by knights on the battle field during the reconquista. Like Spain itself, the legend of Saint James went from a story of peace and harmony to a battle cry, and this also shares much with the legends about el Cid. The book started and ended with the 2004 bombings in Madrid since we are repeating the same things again and again.

 

Video from our stay in Ein Karen below. 

(Also we are going to have to immediately take a second trip to Spain, I see... )

 

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Gaudi's Heaven on Earth

31451074The Sagrada Familia: Gaudí’s Heaven on Earth by Gijs van Hensbergen
My rating: 4 of 5 stars

A short and wonderfully-written history of the Sagrada Familia. You will definitely need to get some kind of coffee table book with pictures of all Gaudi's main works, as well as with photographs the Sagrada (or look them up online) otherwise the read won't be as illuminating.

Being quite heavy on the political and historical context of the building of the cathedral and it is less detailed on the religious and biographical context, which is fine. But readers might want to see the author's biography of Gaudi, as well.

I cannot recommend enough the wonderful film, Sagrada: the Mystery of Creation. It is really moving, thanks in great part to the photography. The film also spends quite a lot of time with the Japanese sculptor Etsuro Sotoo - 外尾悦郎.  Sotoo is a fascinating person--from Japan, he left his country decades ago after feeling called by the stones he saw in wait at the Sagrada building site... after learning Spanish, he then converted to Roman Catholicism and insists that it is through the lens of Gaudi's faith that one must approach the miracle of La Sagrada Familia.

I was so happy that van Hensbergen ended his book with the story of Sotoo--who is, I believe, the only official sculptor working on La Sagrada Familia. A remarkable man from Japan.

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Suntory ad that launched the Gaudi boom in Japan here

 

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A Drizzle of Honey

A Drizzle of Honey: The Life and Recipes of Spain's Secret JewsA Drizzle of Honey: The Life and Recipes of Spain's Secret Jews by David M. Gitlitz
My rating: 5 of 5 stars

A friend recommended this book to me, and I am so glad he did. Having a conversation about the Spanish Inquisition, we were talking about how different it was in that country than to what we know of the Papal Inquisition; in that in Spain, the Inquisition was very much focused on cultural hegemony and political consolidation--much less about religious dogma. After 700 years of Muslim rule in most of Spain, in order to get a firm gripe on power, Queen Isabella --Isabel la Católica-- married the king of Aragon, thereby uniting the two most powerful Christian kingdoms and together with her husband, she then sought to gain total control of the peninsula. Part of this project included the horrendous 1492 Expulsion of the Jews. The Jewish population was given a choice: leave or convert. Those who converted, however, were then constantly harassed by Isabella and the Inquisition. Called conversos, the "New Christians" were suspected of all manner of things that put Christians at risk. Conversos who were Christian on the outside but still practicing Jews in the home were a main target of the Inquisition as cultural hegemony under one church was a top priority for the evil Isabella. And one of the main ways these secret practices were thought to be knowable was through diet and practices surrounding the sabbath meal. It is a depressing history and the result was catastrophic for the population that became known as Sephardic Jews.

This fascinating cookbook is a collection of recipes found in Inquisition documents used to prosecute (persecute) those suspected of "secret Judaizing..." The main impression of the recipes themselves look like typical medieval recipes... there is a lot of fowl, eggs and some fish; lots of cinnamon and other spices. It is simple fare. Harmless stews and lots of chickpeas. The main points of contention were no pork, a kosher kitchen.. and ... what else could there have been? Any excuse was used.

"Did the suspect put down a white tablecloth and light candles?"
"Did they avoid pork?"
"Did they create sabbath stews?"

The story of Beatriz Nunoz is described at the start. Hauled in after she and her husband had converted but there were witnessed who said she kept a kosher kitchen. This was spring 1485. One of the particulars found in the documents claimed that their maid mentioned a Sabbath stew made of lamb, chickpeas and hard-boiled eggs. Sounds innocuous, right? Well the Guadeloupe Inquisition found her guilty and she was burned later that same year.






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